منطقه هنگ کنگ یکی از دو منطقه تقسیماتی ویژه در جمهوری خلق چین است. منطقه دیگر ماکائو است. منطقه هنگ کنگ در شرق دلتای رودخانه مروارید قرار گرفته و از سوی شمال با استان گوآنگ‌دونگ و از سوی جنوب یا دریای چین جنوبی هم‌مرز است.
شهر هنگ کنگ که در سدهٔ نوزدهم همچون یک بندر بازرگانی عمل می‌کرد امروزه به صورت یک مرکز اصلی امور مالی در جهان درآمده است.
هنگ کنگ از سال ۱۸۴۲ تا ۱۹۹۷ جزو مستعمرات امپراتوری بریتانیا بود. در سال ۱۹۹۷ و پس از پایان یافتن پیمان قبلی به جمهوری خلق چین پیوست. بر پایه توافق بین بریتانیا و چین، قرار است هنگ کنگ تا سال ۲۰۴۷ از درجه بالایی از خودمختاری برخوردار باشد.
English
Hong Kong[note 3] (Chinese: 香港) is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea,[12] it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world.[13] Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups.[14] Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.[15]
Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). Originally confined to Hong Kong Island, the colony's boundaries were extended in stages to the Kowloon Peninsula and the New Territories by 1898. It was occupied by Japan during the Pacific War, after which the British resumed control until 1997, when China resumed sovereignty.[16][17] The region espoused minimum government intervention under the ethos of positive non-interventionism during the colonial era.[18] The time period greatly influenced the current culture of Hong Kong, often described as "East meets West",[19] and the educational system, which used to loosely follow the system in England[20] until reforms implemented in 2009.[21]
Under the principle of "one country, two systems", Hong Kong has a different political system from mainland China.[22] Hong Kong's independent judiciary functions under the common law framework.[23][24] The Basic Law of Hong Kong, its constitutional document, which stipulates that Hong Kong shall have a "high degree of autonomy" in all matters except foreign relations and military defence, governs its political system.[25][26] Although it has a burgeoning multi-party system, a small-circle electorate controls half of its legislature. An 800-person Election Committee selects the Chief Executive of Hong Kong, the head of government.[27][28]
As one of the world's leading international financial centres, Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade, and the currency, Hong Kong dollar, is the ninth most traded currency in the world.[29] The lack of space caused demand for denser constructions, which developed the city to a centre for modern architecture and the world's most vertical city.[30][31] The dense space also led to a highly developed transportation network with public transport travelling rate exceeding 90 percent,[32] the highest in the world.[33] Hong Kong has numerous high international rankings in various aspects. For instance, its economic freedom, financial and economic competitiveness, quality of life,
corruption perception, Human Development Index, etc., are all ranked highly
Etymology
The name "Hong Kong" is an approximate phonetic rendering of the pronunciation of the spoken Cantonese or Hakka name "香港", meaning "fragrant harbour".[41] Before 1842, the name referred to a small inlet – now Aberdeen Harbour or Little Hong Kong – between the island of Ap Lei Chau and the south side of Hong Kong Island, which was one of the first points of contact between British sailors and local fishermen.[42]
The reference to fragrance may refer to the harbour waters sweetened by the fresh water estuarine influx of the Pearl River, or to the incense from factories lining the coast to the north of Kowloon, which was stored around Aberdeen Harbour for export before the development of Victoria Harbour.[41] In 1842, the Treaty of Nanking was signed, and the name Hong Kong was first recorded on official documents to encompass the entirety of the island.[43]
History
Main article: History of Hong Kong
Pre-colonial
Main articles: Prehistoric Hong Kong and History of Hong Kong under Imperial China
Archaeological studies support a human presence in the Chek Lap Kok area from 35,000 to 39,000 years ago, and in Sai Kung Peninsula from 6,000 years ago.[44][45][46] Wong Tei Tung and Three Fathoms Cove are the two earliest sites of human habitation in the Palaeolithic period. It is believed the Three Fathom Cove was a river valley settlement and Wong Tei Tung was a lithic manufacturing site. Excavated Neolithic artefacts suggest cultural differences from the Longshan culture in northern China and settlement by the Che people prior to the migration of the Baiyue.[47][48] Eight petroglyphs were discovered on surrounding islands, which dated to the Shang Dynasty in China.[49]
In 214 BC, Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of China, conquered the Baiyue tribes in Jiaozhi (modern Liangguang region) and incorporated the territory into imperial China for the first time. Modern Hong Kong is located in Nanhai commandery (modern Nanhai District) and near the ancient capital city Pun Yue.[50][51][52] The area was consolidated under the kingdom of Nanyue, founded by general Zhao Tuo in 204 BC after the Qin Dynasty collapsed.[53] When the kingdom was conquered by Emperor Wu of Han in 111 BC, the land was assigned to the Jiaozhi commandery under the Han Dynasty. Archaeological evidence indicates the population increased and early salt production flourished in this time period. Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb in the Kowloon Peninsula is believed to have been built during the Han Dynasty.[54]
During the Tang Dynasty period, the Guangdong region flourished as a regional trading center. In 736, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang established a military town in Tuen Mun to defend the coastal area in the region.[55] The first village school, Li Ying College, was established around 1075 in the New Territories under the Northern Song Dynasty.[56] During the Mongol invasion in 1276, the Southern Song Dynasty court moved to Fujian, then to Lantau Island and later to Sung Wong Toi (modern Kowloon City), but the child Emperor Huaizong of Song committed suicide by drowning with his officials after being defeated in the Battle of Yamen. Hau Wong, an official of the emperor is still worshipped in Hong Kong today.[57]
The earliest recorded European visitor was Jorge Álvares, a Portuguese explorer who arrived in 1513.[58][59] After establishing settlements in the region, Portuguese merchants began trading in southern China. At the same time, they invaded and built up military fortifications in Tuen Mun. Military clashes between China and Portugal led to the expulsion of the Portuguese. In the mid-16th century, the Haijin order banned maritime activities and prevented contact with foreigners; it also restricted local sea activity.[57] In 1661–69, the territory was affected by the Great Clearance ordered by Kangxi Emperor, which required the evacuation of the coastal areas of Guangdong. It is recorded that about 16,000 persons from Xin'an County were driven inland, and 1,648 of those who left are said to have returned when the evacuation was rescinded in 1669.[60] What is now the territory of Hong Kong became largely wasteland during the ban.[61] In 1685, Kangxi became the first emperor to open limited trading with foreigners, which started with the Canton territory. He also imposed strict terms for trades such as requiring foreign traders to live in restricted areas, staying only for the trading seasons, banning firearms, and trading with silver only.[62] The East India Company made the first sea venture to China in 1699, and the region's trade with British merchants developed rapidly soon after. In 1711, the company established its first trading post in Canton. By 1773, the British reached a landmark 1,000 chests of opium in Canton with China consuming 2,000 chests annually by 1799.[62]British colonial era
Main articles: British Hong Kong, History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s), 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s
In 1839, the refusal by Qing Dynasty authorities to import opium resulted in the First Opium War between China and Britain. Hong Kong Island was occupied by British forces on 20 January 1841 and was initially ceded under the Convention of Chuenpee as part of a ceasefire agreement between Captain Charles Elliot and Governor Qishan, but the agreement was never ratified due to a dispute between high ranking officials in both governments.[63] It was not until 29 August 1842 that the island was formally ceded in perpetuity to the United Kingdom under the Treaty of Nanking. The British established a crown
colony with the founding of Victoria City the following year
香港（英语：Hong Kong）全稱香港特別行政區（英语：Hong Kong Special Administrative Region，
粵語發音（帮助·信息））[15]，簡稱香港特區、港或HK[16]，是中華人民共和國的兩個特別行政區之一。香港位於南中國海沿岸，地處珠江口以東，由香港島、九龍和新界（包括大嶼山和261個島嶼）組成[2]。北接廣東省深圳市，南望廣東省珠海市的萬山群島，西迎澳門特別行政區及珠海市。
粵語發音（帮助·信息））[15]，簡稱香港特區、港或HK[16]，是中華人民共和國的兩個特別行政區之一。香港位於南中國海沿岸，地處珠江口以東，由香港島、九龍和新界（包括大嶼山和261個島嶼）組成[2]。北接廣東省深圳市，南望廣東省珠海市的萬山群島，西迎澳門特別行政區及珠海市。香港開埠以前是一僅有二千人口的漁村。1842年，清廷對外戰敗，香港領域分階段割讓和租借予大英帝國，成為英國殖民地（英屬香港）。二戰期間，日本發動太平洋戰爭，香港淪陷，三年零八個月的日治時期展開，1945年日本無條件投降後，英國恢復對香港行使主權。在英國的保護下，香港能免受到中國大陸長期的亂局影響，例如避過太平天國起義活動、國共內戰、大躍進、三面紅旗、文化大革命等，這些因素都在一定程度下推動香港經濟於戰後迅速發展，人口急速增長，香港遂由小漁村逐步發展成為一個現代城邦、亞太區重要的工商業城市、「亞洲四小龍」之一。
香港是國際重要的金融、服務以及航運中心，並以廉潔政府、優良治安、自由的經濟體系和完備的法制而聞名於世[17]。香港在全球金融中心指數排名中一直名列前茅，僅次於倫敦和紐約[18]。香港同時為全球其中一個最安全、富裕、繁榮和高生活水平的城市，素有「東方之珠」、「美食天堂」和「購物天堂」等美譽，「亞洲國際都會」則是香港的官方品牌[19]。
1984年，中英兩國落實香港前途並簽訂《中英聯合聲明》，決定於1997年7月1日起香港主權移交中國。中方承諾實踐一國兩制方針，不會於香港實行中國大陸的社會主義，並且在回歸後保持原有資本主義，五十年不變。亦可享有除國防和外交外其他事務的高度自治權，是為「港人治港，高度自治」[20]。]
歷史
史前時期
早在39,000至35,000年前的舊石器時代，香港一帶已有人類活動[22]，主要舊石器時代遺址是大埔黄地垌一帶。公元前3千年開始，長江中游文化、東南亞沿海文化、殷商青銅文化、古越文化先後傳入。在新界和大嶼山不少地方都發現新石器時代聚落和玦飾工場遺址[23]。
秦至元朝時期
自唐朝起，香港的瀝源（今沙田）以及大奚山（今大嶼山）沙螺灣的土壤適合牙香樹生長，種香及產香也逐漸發展起來，一直到清朝康熙元年遷海之時為止。據考證，明朝時由東莞南部、新安全境（包括香港）的香樹製品會經陸路運至尖沙頭（今尖沙咀），用小艇送到石排灣（今香港仔），再用俗稱「大眼雞」的艚船運至廣州，然後送往蘇杭銷售[24]。「香港」這個名稱的由來，其中一個傳說就是因為香木的盛產和出口，因此而得到“香港”(運送香料的港口) 一名[25]。
五代十國時期，由於大步（今大埔）一帶盛產珍珠，南漢劉氏遂於963年設官辦珠場，稱為媚川都。971年（北宋開寶4年），九龍灣一帶設官富場，派鹽官駐守。南宋末年，皇帝宋端宗趙昰和宋帝昺趙昺被元朝軍隊逼迫逃到香港，據說曾在土瓜灣一塊大石頭上休息，後人稱該處為宋王臺。
明清時期
清朝初年，香港屬新安縣管轄。清廷為防沿海居民接濟明朝遺臣鄭成功，遂於1662年（康熙元年）下令遷海，加上實施海禁，香港本區受嚴重影響。後來廣東巡撫王來任、廣東總督周有德請求復界，1669年（康熙八年）朝廷允許馳禁，原有宗族陸續遷回，外來宗族亦應廣東省政府的鼓勵乘勢遷入，當中包括福建、江西及廣東惠州、梅州等客家籍農民，新界宗族分布的新局面逐漸形成[26][27]。
英治初期
1840年鴉片戰爭爆發不久，清朝道光皇帝由主戰轉向主和，派欽差大臣琦善到廣州與英軍談判。1841年1月琦善與查理·義律在清廷與大英帝國不知情下草擬《穿鼻草約》，並於1月20日由查理·義律發出《致女皇陛下臣民通函》中，宣稱和琦善之間「達成了初步協議」[28]，其中包含「把香港島和海港割讓給英國」，及後於香港仔登陸，從香港原居民之一蜑民陳群以蜑家話回答中得知「Hong Kong」的名稱，並沿用至今。但由於清廷及大英帝國政經界分別認為「有辱國體」及獲利太少，故雙方不承認《穿鼻草約》的存在。直至1842年，清朝在第一次鴉片戰爭中被大英帝國打敗，並於翌年與大英帝國簽訂《南京條約》，將香港島連同鄰近的鴨脷洲才正式永久割讓與大英帝國。1860年清廷於第二次鴉片戰爭（即英法聯軍之役）再敗給英法聯軍，簽下《北京條約》，把九龍半島南部連同鄰近的昂船洲一同永久割讓給大英帝國。當時在九龍半島上的新邊界只用矮矮的鐵絲網分割，位置就在今日的界限街。1898年，大英帝國通過與清廷簽訂《中英展拓香港界址專條》及其他一系列租借條約，租借九龍半島北部、新界和鄰近的兩百多個離島，但九龍寨城除外，租期99年。這一系列的租借和割讓，形成了今日香港的邊界。
日治時期
1937年，日本全面發動侵華戰爭，日軍在1938年登陸廣東，並迅速佔領與香港為鄰的廣州及附近地區，並派間諜潛入香港調查駐港英軍的佈防位置。1941年12月8日，日本偷襲珍珠港數小時後，同時進攻馬來亞侵佔香港。其間日本和加拿大及英印軍發生多場激烈戰事。12月25日，由於駐港英軍戰力不足，當時的香港總督楊慕琦宣佈向日本投降，香港人稱這一日為「黑色聖誕節」，香港正式淪陷，3年零8個月的日治時期展開。
英治後期
1945年，日本戰敗，英國宣佈恢復對香港行使主權，英國國旗再次在香港總督府（今香港禮賓府）升起。當時國共內戰再次展開，中華民國政府無力向英國政府取回公道。1949年中華人民共和國成立，中英雙方就香港問題達成協議：中方無意收回香港主權，也不干預國民政府軍民在香港的活動，用以換取英國對中華人民共和國的承認。
戰後發展
1950年代，中國在韓戰中與西方世界交惡，被西方國家禁運，使香港成為中國大陸轉運物資、徵集資金、收集情報的唯一地點。香港亦從轉口港逐漸發展為工業城市，經濟得以迅速發展，期间除了右派发动的双十暴动外基本平稳。1966年，文化大革命席捲全國，紅衛兵多次意圖越過中港邊境。後來香港左派響應大陆造反派的號召，在香港多處策動暴亂。當時，香港街頭放滿寫上「同胞勿近」的真假「菠蘿」（香港俚語，即土製炸彈），使香港陷入一片恐慌之中，期間有若干市民被真的炸彈及其他方法殺害。後來，中國國務院總理周恩來声明「長期利用、充分打算」方針，堅持不打算收回香港，使這一件事情逐渐得以平息。
經歷過1960年代末的暴動，香港政府於1970年代初調整了政策方針，逐步吸納華人進入決策機制，減少危害英國管治香港的可能性。1973年由於受石油危機的影響，香港經歷了一次經濟大衰退，但自1974年開始了長達20多年的高速增長。1970年代中香港地鐵開始動工，廉政公署成立，九年免費教育開始實行，公共房屋計劃進一步擴展，如十年建屋計劃及居者有其屋計劃，皆為香港未來的「經濟奇蹟」奠定基礎。
1970年代初期，由於新界土地契約的問題，使香港政府不得不考慮香港前途的問題。英國政府曾經多次要求向中國政府延續新界的租約，1980年代初英國亦曾提出分拆香港的「主權」 及「治權」，主權歸中國，但英國仍保留治權，但均被中國政府拒絕。1982年9月22日，英國首相撒切尔夫人到北京提出這個方針，打算延續對香港的管治，但當時的中國領導人鄧小平強烈反對及絕不讓步，不過表示可以讓香港人享有「高度自治、港人治港」。因中方對收回整個香港主權立場強硬，期間香港的樓價、股票及港元匯價持續急挫，更於1983年9月出現港元危機，港元兌美元由1982年約6港元跌至9.6港元兌1美元的歷史低點。為挽救香港金融體系，港英政府於1983年10月15日公佈聯繫匯率制度[29]，匯率定為7.8港元兌1美元。此後聯繫匯率制度一直實行至今。
1984年12月19日，中英雙方簽訂《中華人民共和國政府和大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯合王國政府關於香港問題的聯合聲明》，簡稱《中英聯合聲明》。根據這份聲明，英國政府在1997年7月1日需將租約到期的新界和永久割讓予英國的九龍與香港島一併移交給中國，香港成為中國的一個特別行政區。在上述協定中，中國政府會依照鄧小平所提出的「一國兩制、港人治港」之政策，確保香港繼續奉行資本主義制度，不抵觸基本法的法律予以保留，50年内原有生活方式不變，並保證香港除外交及國防外其他事務享有「高度自治」權。至1989年，受到六四事件影響，香港一些人對中國政府和香港回歸失去信心，人心惶惶，香港的資產價格下跌，移民潮再次出現，港英政府遂推出香港機場核心計劃以穩定民心。
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